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Giuseppe Arcimboldo
1767 - 1849
Giuseppe Arcimboldo (also spelled Arcimboldi) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative portrait heads made entirely of such objects as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish, and books -- that is, he painted representations of these objects on the canvas arranged in such a way that the whole collection of objects formed a recognizable likeness of the portrait subject.
Arcimboldo was born in Milan, the son of a painter who was working at the Duomo. He is known as author of the cartoons for the Stories of St. Catherine of Alexandria for the stained glasses of the Duomo. In 1556 he worked with Giuseppe Meda for frescoes in the Cathedral of Monza.
In 1562 he became the court portraitist to Maximilian II at the Habsburg court in Vienna, and later, to his son Rudolf II at the court in Prague, both of whom seem to have much liked Arcimboldo's extraordinary portraits. He was also the court decorator, costume designer, and general art expert. His style of early pre-surrealist portraiture was much copied by his contemporaries, making it difficult at times to differentiate his work from that of imitators. Ironically, given the fame of the imaginary portraits, Arcimboldo's conventional work has been all but forgotten. He died in Milan.
Many of his works were stolen from Rudolf II's collections by the Sweden Raids on Prague in 1648 during the Thirty Years' War by orders of Christina of Sweden. His works can be found in Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum and the Habsburg Schloss Ambras in Innsbruck, the Louvre in Paris, as well as numerous museums in Sweden. In Italy, his work is in Cremona, Brescia, and the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. The Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, the Denver Art Museum in Denver, Colorado and the Candie Museum on Guernsey, also exhibit pieces of his work.
The bizarre works of Arcimboldo especially his multiple images were rediscovered by Surrealist artists in the first part of 20th century. In many surrealist dictionaries Arcimboldo is identified as a surrealist painter before surrealism even existed. In the "The Arcimboldo Effect" exhibition at the Palazzo Grassi in Venice (1987) a lot of double meaning paintings were exhibited, all of them connected to the secret technique of Giuseppe Arcimboldo. The paranoiac-critical method of Salvador Dalí was influenced by this Mannerist painter. There are also contemporary works influenced by the revival of interest in Arcimboldo, including paintings by Shigeo Fukuda, István Orosz, Octavio Ocampo and Sandro del Prete, and some of the films of Jan Svankmajer.
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